Iiteknoloji eziBalaseleyo zokususa ityuwa kooMasipala baseluNxwemeni

Izixeko needolophu ezikunxweme lwehlabathi zijongene neengxaki ezinkulu malunga nokhuseleko lwamanzi njengoko imithombo yamanzi acocekileyo yendabuko isetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza. Kwiindawo apho amanzi olwandle ayindlela eqhelekileyo yokufumana amanzi, itekhnoloji yokukhupha ityuwa emanzini ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba unikezelo lwamanzi luhlala ixesha elide kwaye luthembekile. Abantu abaninzi abafudukela ezidolophini, iimbalela ezibangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nemithetho engqongqo ngomgangatho wamanzi babeke iindlela zonyango lwamanzi eziphambili phezulu kuluhlu lokwakha iziseko zophuhliso zikamasipala. Xa ukhetha isixhobo sokucoca amanzi esifanelekileyo, kufuneka ucinge ngononophelo ngezakhono zaso zobugcisa, indlela esisebenza kakuhle ngayo, kunye nokuba siza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje ze-reverse osmosis kunye neendlela zokufudumeza zibonakalisiwe ukuba ziguqula amanzi anetyuwa abe ngamanzi okusela asemgangathweni ophezulu anokusasazwa zizixeko. Xa uthenga ezi teknoloji, abantu abaphetheyo kufuneka balinganise iindleko zokuqala zemali ngokuchasene neendleko eziqhubekayo zokusebenzisa iinkqubo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba ziyahlangabezana nemithetho engqongqo yemithombo yamanzi kawonkewonke.

Ukuqonda iiTekhnoloji zokususa ityuwa kwizicelo zonxweme

Iinkqubo eziSiseko kunye namaQeqesho okuSebenza

Kubathengi be-B2B abajonga iindlela zamanzi zikamasipala, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zokucoca amanzi olwandle embindini wazo. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswa ekususeni ityuwa emanzini anetyuwa namanzi anetyuwa, ziwaguqule abe ngamanzi okusela ahlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yomgangatho. Inyathelo lokuqala ziinkqubo zokungenisa amanzi ezitsala amanzi olwandle angahlanzwanga kwaye ziwahluze ngeenkqubo eziyilwe ngononophelo ezikhupha inkunkuma enkulu kunye namasuntswana emanzini.

Ngexesha lamanqanaba angaphambi konyango, kukho amanyathelo aliqela okucoca, njengokuhlola okucothayo, ukulinga iikhemikhali ukuze kudibane, kunye nokuhluza okucothayo ukukhusela izixhobo ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kwinyathelo lokuqala lokucoca, izikrini ze-reverse osmosis ezisebenza phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu zahlula iimolekyuli zamanzi kwiityuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo. Ngaphambi kokuba amanzi agcinwe kwaye asasazwe, iinkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"post-treatment" zitshintsha amanqanaba e-pH, zongeze iiminerali ezifunekayo emzimbeni, kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba umgangatho wokugqibela uyahlangabezana nemigangatho yamanzi okusela asekuhlaleni.

Iingenelo kunye nezinto eziqwalaselwayo ngokusebenza

Izityalo zanamhlanje zokunyanga amanzi olwandle zinika izixeko kunye needolophu imithombo yamanzi engomiyo ngexesha lembalela, nokuba imozulu injani na ngaphandle. Ezi ndlela zigcina umgangatho wamanzi uhambelana nokuba amanzi avelayo atshintsha. Oku kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukucwangcisa ukukhula kwabantu kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho ngokuzithemba. inwebu Iitekhnoloji zinokungawamkeli amanzi angaphezu kwama-99% etyuwa, nto leyo eyenza umgangatho wamanzi ube ngcono rhoqo kunowemithombo yamanzi acocekileyo.

Izixeko needolophu eziselunxwemeni ezisebenzisa itekhnoloji yokukhupha ityuwa emanzini kufuneka baqwalasele ngononophelo iimfuno zabo zamandla, ezidla ngokuba phakathi kwe-3.5 kunye ne-4.5 kWh nge-cubic meter yamanzi adaliweyo. Ukuthathela ingqalelo okusingqongileyo kuthetha ukuyila iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokuhambisa amanzi amdaka kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa amanzi ukuze zibe nefuthe elincinci kwiinkqubo zendalo zaselwandle. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kwixesha elide, kubalulekile ukucwangcisa izinto ezifana neziseko zamandla, abasebenzi abanobuchule bokusebenza, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa.

Iiteknoloji eziphambili zokususa ityuwa kooMasipala baselunxwemeni: Ukuthelekisa kunye nokuqonda

Iinkqubo ze-Reverse Osmosis kunye neTekhnoloji yoBushushu

Iitekhnoloji zokususa ityuwa kwiindlela zikamasipala zigxile kakhulu kwiindlela zokususa ityuwa ezibuyela umva kunye neendlela zokususa ityuwa ngomphunga, nganye inika iingenelo ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza. Iisetingi zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iinkqubo zokususa ityuwa ezibuyela umva kuba zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zinokwandiswa kwiimodyuli ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesixeko ezitshintshayo. Ukwahlula ityuwa ngokufanelekileyo, ezi zixhobo zisebenzisa izithintelo ezithintela ukungena kwamanzi ezisebenza kuxinzelelo oluphakathi kwe-55 kunye ne-70 bar.

Ubuchwepheshe bobushushu, njengokukhanya okunemigangatho emininzi kunye nokucoca ngeziphumo ezininzi, kuseziindlela ezilungileyo kwiindawo ezinemithombo emininzi yamandla engabizi kakhulu okanye imigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi. Iinkqubo zobushushu zihlala zisebenzisa i-8 ukuya kwi-12 kWh nge-cubic meter nganye, kodwa zithembekile kakhulu kwaye zinokuphatha iimeko ezinzima zamanzi ngaphandle kwesidingo sonyango lwangaphambi kwexesha.

IiTekhnoloji zeMembrane eziPhambili kunye neeNkqubo zeHybrid

Uphuculo olutsha lwe-membrane luquka iindawo ze-osmosis ezibuyela umva ezinamandla aphantsi kunye noyilo olubuyisela umva oluphezulu olwenza ukusebenza kube lula ngakumbi. Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo, izixhobo zokubuyisela umbane zisebenzisa amandla angaphantsi ngama-30–40% kuba zithatha uxinzelelo oluvela kwimilambo yamanzi amdaka. Xa ujonga iindleko zizonke ebomini bonke, ezi teknoloji zintsha zenza ukuba ukunyanga amanzi olwandle kube nomtsalane ngakumbi ngezinye iindlela.

Iinkqubo ze-hybrid ezisebenzisa zombini iindlela ze-membrane kunye ne-thermal zinika izixeko kunye needolophu ezineemfuno zemozulu ezitshintshayo ukhetho oluninzi. Ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla aluhlaza, njengamandla elanga nawomoya, kunye nemithombo yamandla yendabuko, kuvula ucango lokuveliswa kwamanzi angathathi cala kwi-carbon. Iinkqubo zokulandelela ezikrelekrele zivumela ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kunye nokusebenza ukusuka kude, nto leyo ehlisa iindleko kwaye inyuse ukuthembeka kwenkqubo.

Ulawulo lweMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo

Njengenxalenye yolawulo olunenkathalo lwamanzi anetyuwa, ukukhutshwa kolwandle olunzulu ngeenkqubo zokusasaza kusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityuwa ayilimazi kakhulu iindawo zaselwandle. Iindlela eziphucukileyo zifumana amazinga okubuyiselwa kwetyuwa angama-38 ukuya kuma-45%, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amanzi anetyuwa angaxinenanga kakhulu kufuneka alahlwe. Ezinye iindawo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuxinaniswa kwamanzi anetyuwa ukunciphisa ubungakanani benkunkuma ekufuneka bayilahle okanye ukuvumela ukubuyiswa kwayo ngeendlela eziluncedo.

Impembelelo yekhabhoni yokwenza amanzi kawonke-wonke abe mancinci kakhulu ifezekiswa ngokwenza ulungelelwaniso lwe-membrane kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisa amandla zibe namandla angcono. Ukusebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kunokunceda izityalo zonyango lwamanzi ukuba zingakhuphi umbane kwaye zikhusele izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ekucinyweni kombane.

Ukukhetha iTekhnoloji yokususa usawoti eBalaseleyo kuMasipala wakho

Izinto ezibalulekileyo kwizigqibo kunye neendlela zokusebenza

Xa kukhethwa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokucoca amanzi kwizixeko, amaqela okuthenga kufuneka ajonge izinto ezininzi zesayensi nezemali. Ubungakanani betyuwa, utshintsho lobushushu, kunye nokwakheka kwamanzi acocekileyo ngokwemvelo konke oku kunefuthe ngqo ekukhetheni iteknoloji kunye nobungakanani bonyango lwangaphambi kokuba lwenziwe. Ukuseta i-osmosis evuselelweyo ejikelezayo kunokusebenza kakuhle kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni ezinomgangatho ozinzileyo wamanzi olwandle, kodwa kufuneka kutshintshwe kwiindawo ezinemithombo yamanzi amdaka etshintshayo.

Ukunikezelwa kweziseko zophuhliso zamandla kunempembelelo enkulu itekhnoloji yokukhupha ityuwa emanzini ezingasetyenziswayo kunye namaxabiso okuzisebenzisa. Izixeko ezineegridi zombane ezizinzileyo zinokukhangela iinkqubo ze-osmosis ezibuyela umva ezisebenzisa amandla amancinci, ngelixa iindawo ezineegridi zombane ezibuthathaka zinokujonga ubuchwepheshe bokufudumeza obusebenzisa imithombo yamandla eyahlukileyo. Iindlela zokumisela kunye nokubeka inkqubo nazo ziyachaphazeleka bubungakanani bendawo ekhoyo kunye nendlela ezisebenza kakuhle ngayo neziseko zamanzi zangoku.

Uhlalutyo lweendleko kunye neMbuyiselo kuTyalo-mali

Xa ugqiba ekubeni uza kuchitha malini kwimali-mboleko, kufuneka ucinge ngokuba kuza kubiza malini ukuthenga izixhobo, ukulungisa indawo, nokuzifaka. Ezi ndleko zihlala ziqala kwi-$2,000 ukuya kwi-$4,000 nge-cubic meter nganye yomthamo wemihla ngemihla. Iindleko zokusebenza ziquka izinto ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukutshintsha ii-membranes, ukusebenzisa iikhemikhali, kunye nokuqesha abasebenzi abanezakhono. Iinkqubo zangoku, ezifana nemodeli ye-MR-SWRO-20TH, zibonisa indlela uyilo olusebenzisa amandla ngokonga amandla oluvumela izixhobo zangoku ukuba zisebenze kakuhle ngelixa lusalahla i-99% yetyuwa. Ezi zakhiwo zisebenzisa kuphela i-3.5 ukuya kwi-4.5 kWh nge-cubic meter nganye.

Uhlalutyo lweendleko zomjikelo wobomi kufuneka luquke izicwangciso zokulungisa, ukuba kufuneka kutshintshwe kangaphi ii-membrane, kunye noqikelelo lokuba izixhobo ziya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani. Iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ezineenxalenye zomgangatho wolwandle ezingagqwaliyo zihlala iminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwengama-25 ngokugcinwa rhoqo, zinika imbuyekezo entle kutyalo-mali xa kuthelekiswa neendleko zeminye imithombo yamanzi.

Imizekelo yoPhumezo lweHlabathi lokwenyani

Ukubekwa ngempumelelo kwezixeko kubonisa ukuba ubuchwepheshe obuchanekileyo bokususa ityuwa bungasebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikunxweme. Iidolophu eziphakathi ezikufutshane nolwandle ziphumelele ekusekeni iinkqubo ze-20-cubic-meter-ngeyure ezibonelela nge-480 cubic metres ngosuku, nto leyo eyaneleyo kubantu abayi-2,000 ukuya kwi-3,000. Uninzi lwexesha, ezi ndawo zenziwe ngeemodyuli ezahlukeneyo ezinokongezwa njengoko uluntu lukhula.

Kwiidolophu ezinkulu, kudla ngokubakho uloliwe wonyango olungaphezulu kwesinye, ngamnye unomthamo we-100 ukuya kwi-500 cubic metres ngeyure. Oku kunika isixeko ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kunye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza. Iidolophu ezikude ezikunxweme zinokungenelwa kwiinkqubo ezincinci, ezizenzekelayo ezigcina imigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi ikhuselekile ngaphandle koncedo oluncinci oluvela kubaqhubi.

Isikhokelo sokuThenga izixhobo kunye neenkonzo zeTekhnoloji yokususa usawoti emanzini

Uvavanyo lwabaNiki kunye noVavanyo lweTekhnoloji

Iinkampani eziphambili ezenza izixhobo zokucoca amanzi zibonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwinxalenye enye ukuya kwiinkqubo ezipheleleyo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa. Xa ugweba, kubalulekile ukugxila kwizinto ezifana neerekhodi ezilandelelanayo kwizicelo zasekuhlaleni, ukukwazi ukuza neetekhnoloji ezintsha, kunye neenethiwekhi zenkxaso epheleleyo. Ukususwa komgangatho, njengemigangatho ye-ISO kunye nokuvunywa kukarhulumente, kuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yomgangatho wamanzi ebekwe zizixeko.

Guangdong Morui Environmental Technology Co., Ltd ngumzekelo wenkampani eyaziyo okuninzi malunga nokunyanga amanzi kuba inezakhono zokuvelisa ezidibeneyo, ezifana neendawo zokwenza ii-membranes kunye nokudibanisa izixhobo. Njengoko abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-500 kunye neenjineli ezinobuchule ezingama-20 zisasazeke kumasebe ali-14 kwihlabathi liphela, ezi nkampani zinobunzulu bobuchwephesha obufunekayo kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zesixeko.

Iimodeli zeKhontrakthi kunye nokuHlanganisa iiNkonzo

Iindlela eziphambili zokuthenga iiprojekthi zokucoca amanzi zasekuhlaleni zidweliswe ngezantsi:

• Iindlela zokutshintsha izinto ziquka ukuyila, ukufaka, kunye nokuvavanya yonke inkqubo ukusuka kumthombo omnye. Oku kwenza ulawulo lweprojekthi lube lula kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba zonke izithembiso zokusebenza ziyagutyungelwa.
• Izivumelwano zezixhobo kuphela zivumela izixeko needolophu ukuba zisebenzise iinkampani zasekuhlaleni ukujongana nokufakelwa nokuhlanganiswa kwazo ngelixa zigcina iindleko ziphantsi ngexesha lokwakha.
• Amalungiselelo okwakha, ukusebenzisa nokudlulisela avumela icandelo labucala ukuba lixhase ngezimali kwaye liqhube le projekthi kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala ngaphambi kokuba isixeko sithathe ubunini, nto leyo enciphisa imali ekufuneka ihlawulwe kwangaphambili.

Izakhono ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa kunye nemida yokuchitha imali yezixeko inokufezekiswa ngezi modeli zokuthenga eziguquguqukayo. Ukufakelwa kobungcali kuyimfuneko ukuze inkqubo isebenze kakuhle kwaye isiqinisekiso sihlonitshwe. Ngaphambi kokuba wamkele inkqubo, amanyathelo okuvavanya acokisekileyo aqinisekisa ukuba zonke iindawo zayo zisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yoyilo lwazo.

Iishedyuli zokugcinwa kokhuseleko, ukusabela kwimeko yengxamiseko, kunye noqeqesho lobuchwephesha lwabasebenzi bakamasipala zonke ziyinxalenye yeenkonzo zokugcinwa okuqhubekayo itekhnoloji yokukhupha ityuwa emanziniIinkqubo zokulandelela ezikude zenza kube nokwenzeka ukucwangcisa ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwaye kuphuculwe ukusebenza kulo lonke ixesha lenkqubo. Izivumelwano zenkonzo zexesha elide zenza iindleko ziqikeleleke kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba unokufumana iinxalenye ezintsha.

isiphelo

Izixeko needolophu eziselunxwemeni zijongene neengxaki zokhuseleko lwamanzi ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Ezi ngxaki zifuna iimpendulo zobuchwepheshe ezintsonkothileyo kunye neendlela ezicwangcisiweyo zokuthenga izinto. Iitekhnoloji zanamhlanje zokususa ityuwa zingabonelela ngemithombo yamanzi ezinzileyo kwixesha elizayo ukuba zikhethwe kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zihambelana nemigaqo yasekuhlaleni. Ukuze uphumelele, kufuneka ujonge ukusebenza kobuchwephesha, ukusebenza kakuhle kweshishini, kunye neendleko zexesha elide zonke ngaxeshanye.

Njengoko iinkqubo ziphucuka ekusebenziseni amandla nokujonga izinto, ukunyanga amanzi olwandle kuya kuba lula kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo. Ubudlelwane bobuchwephesha nabenzi abanamava buqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zilandela imithetho kulo lonke ixesha leprojekthi. Xa iinkokheli zikamasipala zichitha imali kwizixhobo ezivavanyiweyo kunye neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo zenkxaso, ziseka iidolophu zazo ukuze kubekho ukhuseleko lwamanzi lwexesha elide kunye nokukhula okuya kuhlala ixesha elide.

FAQ

Q1: Ngowuphi umahluko okhoyo phakathi kobuchwepheshe obukhulu bokususa ityuwa emanzini?

Ngezixhobo zokusebenzisa amandla kwakhona, iinkqubo zanamhlanje ze-reverse osmosis zisebenzisa kuphela i-3.5 ukuya kwi-4.5 kWh nge-cubic meter yamanzi edaliweyo, nto leyo engaphantsi ngama-60 ukuya kuma-70% kuneteknoloji endala. Iindlela zobushushu zihlala zifuna i-8 ukuya kwi-12 kWh nge-cubic meter, kodwa zinokuba luncedo xa amanzi okuhambisa amanzi kunzima ukusebenza ngawo. Iindleko zamandla zenza i-40 ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini yeendleko zokusebenza, ngoko ke ukwenza izinto zibe ngcono kubalulekile ekucwangciseni uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwesixeko.

Q2: Iimfuneko zomthetho ziyichaphazela njani uyilo kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo?

Izikhokelo zomgangatho wamanzi zikamasipala zifuna ukuba izitishi zonyango zibe neenkqubo ezipheleleyo zokulandelela kunye nokunika ingxelo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi. Iitekhnoloji zokususa ityuwa emanzini kufuneka zihambelane nemithetho yamanzi okusela rhoqo, equka imigangatho yezinto ezibonakalayo, iikhemikhali kunye ne-microbiological. Iinkqubo zolawulo eziphambili zihlala zijonga izinto ngalo lonke ixesha kwaye zenze utshintsho ngokuzenzekelayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahambelana nemigaqo kwaye zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kangangoko.

Umbuzo 3: Zeziphi izinto ezimisela iindleko zizonke zeprojekthi zokufakelwa kwezakhiwo zikamasipala?

Iindleko zemali zihlala ziphakathi kwe-$2,000 kunye ne-$4,000 nge-cubic meter ngosuku, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu benkqubo, iimeko zendawo, kunye nokuba kunzima kangakanani ukuyidibanisa. Iindleko zokusebenza ziquka ukuthenga umbane, ukutshintsha iimveliso, kunye nokuhlawula abasebenzi umyinge we-$0.50 ukuya kwi-$1.20 nge-cubic meter nganye yezinto ezenziweyo. Iindleko zinokuba phezulu ngama-20–30% kunakwizinto eziqhelekileyo ukuba indawo yokufakela ikude okanye ineemeko ezinzima zokusingqongileyo.

Sebenzisana neMorui kwi-Advanced Municipal Desalination Solutions

Ngokusebenzisa indlela edibeneyo kaMorui yokujongana nemiba yokucocwa kwamanzi, izixeko needolophu zifuna iindlela ezithembekileyo itekhnoloji yokukhupha ityuwa emanzini Ubudlelwane nabathengisi buza kufumana izisombululo ezipheleleyo. Isixhobo sethu sokucoca amanzi olwandle i-MR-SWRO-20TH ngumzekelo wobunjineli banamhlanje. Singakwazi ukwala i-99% yetyuwa kwaye sisebenza kakuhle, nto leyo esenza ukuba silungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikufutshane nolwandle. Ngeendlela zethu zokwenza ii-membranes kunye neenethiwekhi ezinkulu zenkonzo, singayinyamekela yonke le projekthi, ukusuka kwingcebiso yokuqala ukuya kwinkxaso yokusebenza ixesha elide.

Ulwazi lwethu lobuchwephesha lugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweemarike zehlabathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zasekuhlaleni, zoshishino, kunye neendawo ezikhethekileyo. Thumela i-imeyile kwiqela lethu lobunjineli ku- benson@guangdongmorui.com ukuthetha ngezisombululo ezizodwa eziya kuhlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko lwamanzi kwidolophu yakho eselunxwemeni.

Ucaphulo

1. I-National Academy of Sciences. (2019). Iteknoloji yokususa ityuwa emanzini: Impembelelo kwiMpilo nakwiNdalo. IWashington, DC: I-National Academies Press.

2. UMbutho weHlabathi woKususa Ityuwa. (2020). Ukususwa kwetyuwa kuMasipala: Izikhokelo zoKhetho loBugcisa kunye nokuSebenza. Iimpapasho zoBukrelekrele baManzi beHlabathi.

3. UMbutho weMisebenzi yaManzi waseMelika. (2018). Ukususwa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle kubonelelo lwamanzi kaMasipala: Incwadi yoCwangciso noYilo. I-AWWA Press.

4. Iqela leBhanki yeHlabathi. (2021). Ukhuseleko lwaManzi oLwandle: Uvavanyo lweTekhnoloji kunye noHlalutyo lwezoQoqosho kwiZizwe eziPhuhlayo. Iimpapasho zeBhanki yeHlabathi.

5. I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo. (2020). Imigangatho yamanzi okusela kunye neeTekhnoloji zoNyango lweeNkqubo zokukhupha ityuwa kuMasipala. IOfisi yaManzi ye-EPA.

6. I-International Water Association. (2019). Iindlela ezilungileyo zokususa ityuwa kuMasipala: Izifundo zeMicimbi ezivela kwiiNdawo zoNxweme lweHlabathi. I-IWA Publishing.